Explanation

(a) Differences between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold:
 Leasehold involves the payment of fees for land used over a stated period of time under agreed specified conditions Whereas/ on the other hand Freehold is the outright purchase of land (permanent ownership).

Land ownership by leasehold 
-Use/ownership is for a specific Land ownership by freehold period of time 
- Permanent crops cannot be planted/Permanent structures cannot be erected
- Land cannot be used as.collateral for loan
-Land cannot be sold

Land Ownership by freehold
-Use /ownership is permanent 
-Permanent crops can be planted/ Permanent structures can be erected  
-Land can be sued as collateral for loan  
-Land can be sold 

(b) ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa 
- Carry out research to improve breeds of animals 
- Carry out research to develop new crop varieties
 - Fund agricultural extension projects 
- Provide social amenities in rural areas 
- Provide credit to farmers 
- Provide agricultural extension services/ educate farmers 
- Provide vaccines and drugs to farmers to control diseases and parasites of farm animals 
- Provide farming inputs such as agrochemicals, vaccines, drugs to farmers 
- Provide farm implements/ tools to farmers 
- Develop improved farming systems 
- Provide processing facilities 
- Provide storage facilities. 

(c) Ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa 
-Shortage/scarcity of farm labour 
-Causes high cost of farm labour
- Poor quality of labour in rural areas resulting in low productivity 
- Decrease in food production /food insecurity 
-Decrease in export 
- Inadequate supply of raw materials to agro industries 
- Poor adoption of agricultural innovation due to ageing farming population. 

(d) Socio-economic uses of land:
- Mining/oil exploration 
- industries / Companies / banks / factories / offices 
- Transport (roads, railway, airport, seaport) 
- Stadia/recreational centres.
- Health centres 
- Residential houses / estate development 
- Markets 
- Schools 
- Religious worship centres 
- Cemeteries / crematoriums 

(e) Ways by which environmental factors affect agricultural production
(i) Soil organisms
 - Improve soil structure 
- Help in organic matter decomposition 
- Improve soil fertility/ fix atmospheric nitrogen/ help in mineralization in soil 
- Improve soil aeration 
- improve water percolation 
- Cause diseases in plants 
- Reduce the quantity and quality of crops (nematodes) 

(ii) Soil texture 
- Determines soil aeration 
- Determines tillage practices 
- Determines water 
- holding capacity of soils 
- Determines the type of crop to be grown 
- Determines nutrient availability in the soil 
-Affects root penetration 

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