Explanation

(a)Sources of irrigation water 
- Rivers 
- Lakes - Streams 
- Ponds -
- Bore-holes
- Wells 
- Reservoirs 
- Springs 
- Brooks 
- Dams

(b)      Advantages and disadvantages of irrigating farmlands
Advantages
           -   Makes early planting possible
           -   Adds water to the soil/supply moisture to the soil for plant growth
           -   Helps to soften the soil for easy tillage operations
           -   Facilitates the survival of crops during drought
           -   Farmers become less dependent on rainfall
           -   Helps lower soil temperature
           -   Ensures all-year-round production
           -   Modifies both soil and plant environment
           -  Enhances microbial decomposition of organic matter in the soil
           -   Dissolves nutrients for root absorption
           -   Can be used to apply liquid fertilizers(fertigation)
Disadvantages
-     High cost of irrigation equipment
-     Increased salinity
- Disease transmission is possible
-     Leads to build-up and spread of pests
-     Vectors of diseases e.g. snails, tsetse flies, mosquitoes may breed in 
       irrigated areas
-     Movement of farm machinery may be hindered
-     May lead to leaching
-     May lead to erosion/flooding
-   Encourages the growth and spread of weeds

(c) Ways by which the soil loses nutrients 
- Mechanical land clearing/bulldozing of virgin forests 
- Crop removal/harvesting 
- Continuous cropping 
- Leaching 
- Burning 
- Overgrazing 
- Erosion 
- Oxidation 
- reduction
 - Chelation 

(d)    Reasons for manuring in crop production
-   Improves the activities of soil organisms like earthworms 
-   Improves the structure of the soil
-   Improves aeration within the soil 
-   Regulates soil temperature 
-   Buffering effects improve the acid-base reaction of the soil/assists in regulating soil pH
-   Improves water holding capacity in sandy soil
-   Improves water infiltration in clay soil
-   Controls soil erosion 
       -   Adds nutrients to the soil/improves soil fertility
-  Increases cat ion exchange capacity of the soil
-   Used for the control of nematodes in the soil
(e)    Ways by which environmental factors affect agricultural production

(i) Temperature

-    High temperature may cause heat stress/death of farm animals  
-    A necessary condition for germination of seeds
-    Affects distribution of crops
-    Affects distribution of animals
-    High temperature increases evapo-transpiration
-    High temperature reduces the performance of livestock/fish
-    Temperature affects the ripening and maturity of fruits
-    Affects microbial activities in relation to mineralization of organicsubstances
-   Temperature affects productivity of human labour/draught animal
(ii) Soil micro-organisms
-    Cause diseases in plants
-    Bacteria in root nodules can fix nitrogen directly to plants and soils
-    Reduce the quantity and quality of crops e.g. potato, yam
-    Help in the decomposition of plant materials to form humus

    ii)Wind

-      Influences the rate of transpiration
-     Causes evaporation in the soil
-     May cause lodging of plants
-     High wind velocity may cause soil erosion in dry/arid areas
-     Important in rainfall distribution and pattern
-     Important in fruits/seeds dispersal
-      Assists in crop pollination
-      Causes mechanical injury to crops e.g. loss of leaves, branches, 
       flowersand fruits
-      Causes spore dispersal or spread of diseases
-      Partly determines seasons

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