Explanation

(a) Explanation of marketing channel: Marketing channel is the sequence of intermediaries and market to through which produce move from the producers to the consumers or the stage through which a produce passes in the market system starting from the producer till it gets to the final consumer. 

(ii) Marketing channels for cocoa 
-Producers 
-Licensed Buying Agents (L.B.As)/Produce buyers 
-Marketing boards 
-Processors 
-Wholesalers 
- Retailers 
- Consumers 

(b) Characteristics of land 
- Land is a natural gift. 
- Land can appreciate or depreciate in value.
- It is geographically immobile. 
- It is abundant in some areas and scarce in other areas. 
- It is heterogenous in quality, differing from one place to another in topography, soil texture, and structure, soil fertility, etc. 
-Because of its limited supply, land is also subject to the law of diminishing returns. 
-Reward for land is rent. Availability is subject to land use Act/Law. 
- Its suitability influences output. 
-Its value is determined by its location. 
-It can be used as collateral for loan.

c) Agricultural Extension Programmes in West Africa 
-Agricultural Development Projects 
-Agro-service centres. 
-Operation Feed Yourself. 
-Farm settlement schemes. 
-River basin and rural development authorities. 
-National agricultural land development agency. 
-Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI). 
-National Fadama development project. 
-National Accelerated Food Production Programme. 
-Tikonko Agricultural Extension. 
-Green Revolution. 
- TEKO veterinary service programme. 
- Operation Feed Your Industry (OFYI) 
- Do It Yourself (TESITO) -
 Back to Land 
- Operation Feed the Nation. 

(d) Advantages of using demonstration as an extension teaching method
- It enables participants to debate issues and make sound judgements about lessons being taught. 
-It appeals to logic and reasoning. 
-It provides a problem-solving practical experience/ makes learning easier. 
-It allows the teaching of a larger number of farmers at the same time. 
-Helps to move farmers from the awareness and interest stages of learning to those of trial and adoption/captures the attention of farmers. 
-It is more economical in terms of time, energy and other resources compared to other methods. 
-Communication is made much easier for the extension officer/agent. 

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