Soil water that is available for root absorption at field capacity is
Capillary water
hygroscopic water
Gravitational water
superfluous water.
Explanation
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🤍1. *Capillary Water*: Held in soil pores by capillary forces, which are a combination of adhesion and cohesion. This water is available to plants and plays a crucial role in soil's water-holding capacity.
2. *Hygroscopic Water*: Strongly bound to soil particles, particularly clay and organic matter, through electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding. This water is not readily available to plants.
3. *Gravitational Water*: Also known as "free water," it's the water that moves downward through the soil profile under the influence of gravity. This water is not retained by the soil and eventually becomes groundwater.
4. *Superfluous Water*: Excess water that's not retained by the soil and flows over the surface or through the soil as runoff or deep percolation. This type of water can lead to erosion and nutrient loss.
