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Introduction:

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The diversity of bacteria in spent lubricant oil in 4 different auto mechanic work

shop in Maiduguri metropolis The samples were collected from 3 different spot

with a distance of 2m each, serial dilution was done in 107 folds, the total viable

count of the bacteria was taken and bacteria species identified by gram staining.

The bacteria present are bacillus and staphylococcus with bacillus being the

dominant specie. These result shows great potential of microbial species in

remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum product.

Key words; bacterial diversity, contaminated soil, spent lubricant oil, gram

staining, Maiduguri- Borno State

Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --i

Certification-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ii

Dedication---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

iii

Acknowledgement-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

iv

Abstract ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- v

Table of Content -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1

1.1Statement of the Problem-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2

1.2 Aims and Objectives-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -4

2.1 Soil and its its Microbial Flora-- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4

2.2 Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons-- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Method -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10

3.1 Experimental site -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10

3.2 Sample Collection -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10

4

3.3 Sterilization -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10

3.4 Experimental Procedure-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11

3.4.1 Preparation of Soil Dilution-- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11

3.4.2 Experimental Procedure in Gram Staining-- -- -- -- -- 11

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results and Discussion-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

4.1 Results-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13

4.2 Discussion-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion, Recommendation and Summary-- -- -- -- --

21

5.1 Conclusion-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

21

5.2 Recommendation-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

21

5.3 Summary-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --22

REFERENCES-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

23

Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines before they are used. They consist of Used

engine oil is defined as used lubricant oils removed from the crankcase of

hydrocarbons (80-90%) and performance enhancing additive (10-20%)

engines oils are altered during use by vehicles, motor bikes, generators and

other machinery, because of the breakdown of additives contamination with

the product of combustion and the addition of metals from the wear and tear

of engine. It is recognized that the major component consist of aliphatic and

aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenol,naphthalene,benzene,(a)

antracene,benzo (a)preen, fluranthene,lead, cadmium and other potentially

toxic metals (Jain et al..2009)

Used motor oil can cause great damage to sensitive environments and soil

microorganisms substantial volumes of soil have been contaminated by used

oil in many countries of the world especially industrialized nations, high

concentration of aliphatic, polycyclic, aromatic, hydrocarbon and heavy

metals contribute to the inherent toxicity of used engine oil (Vasquez and

bertha 1989) large amount of used engine oil are liberated in to the

environment. When the oil are liberated in to the environment the oil from

motor cars, motor bikes and generators etc. is changed and disposed in to

gutters, water drains, open vacant plots and farm lands, a common practice

by motor and generator mechanics in spite of the increasing number of auto

mechanics workshops in Maiduguri with their attendant indiscriminately

dumping waste engine oil in the environment, we are not aware of any study

that has attempt to isolate and identify bacteria present in used engine oil

contaminated soil environment here in Maiduguri the present study was

therefore undertaken with a view to isolating bacterial diversity in soil

sample contaminated with used engine oil

6

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The presence of these microorganisms in unnatural environment like

spent engine oil polluted soil is an indication that microorganisms can adopt

to changes in our environment and also they have the potential to metabolize

spent engine oil as the sole source of carbon (17)and also the indiscriminate

disposal of spent engine oil by auto mechanics pose serious environment

challenges in Nigeria, Nigeria was reported to produce more than 87million

liters of spent automobile engine oil annually and adequate attention has

been given to its disposal spent auto engine contains potentially phyto-toxic

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is also noted that oil in soil have

deleterious effects on biological, chemical and physical properties of the soil

depending on those, type of the oil and other factors.

Also reported that the microbial components of soil were usually

negatively affected following oil application to the soil it is observed a shift

in carbon substrate utilization patterns in soil contaminated with oil and

related it to the development of hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial community

it also shown that pseudomonas and bacillus microorganisms were prevalent

in the soil contaminated sites, where as dramatic reduction occurred in the

total microbial community due to the additions of petroleum waste sludge

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The objectives are to:

1. assess the bacterial diversity in spent lubricant oil

2. to evaluate tolerance of bacteria to oil-polluted soil

3. determine the potential heavy metal tolerant bacteria